The engine would overheat without it due to its design.
I guess this is where I am confused....Other manufacturers have managed to do it, and still put out powerful air-cooled engines. Did HD drop the ball?
Manufactures of other V-twin motors LOOK like Harley motors or MoCo (HD Motor Company) knock offs, so basically these are the same design.
Where the "other" companies, such as S & S went is into higher performance designs over the stock MoCo designed big twin. MoCo saw an opportunity being lost with S & S and others, hence the 103" Screaming Eagle air-cooled motor from MoCo.
So, MoCo did not drop any ball, but elected to go with a water cooled motor, and for reasons mentioned above.
To go further regarding overheating, the larger displacement motors run good in cool weather, but try running them in temps over 100 degrees and 100 MPH or more at sustained time, like hour after hour. The air-cooled motors cannot handle this due to the fact they just do not cool effeciently to provide that service.
If you should happen to go on a run and the temps are in the 90's or above, make note of how many bikes will pull over and the owners will shut them down to allow cool down. Specifically in stop and go traffic, heat is the great destroyer of air cooled motors. So, the air-cooled motors cannot handle the heat, and even with use of synthetics, they still tend to run much too hot for sustained performance and longevity.
If you own a shop, and longevity is not an issue, then there is no problem. Teardown every winter for bearings, pistons and rings. Most owners, like 99% of them cannot bear with that, so what you see is people pulling over to the side and shutting down to cool off.
And when the bikes come with warranties, the manufacturers cannot bear the cost of temperature related issues, thus H20 cooled motors are a God send to the industry.
Tie in the EPA emission standards, and the whole air cooled design becomes one of tiresome age. Even the Japanese models years back were air cooled, but today, take a close look and you'll see water cooled everywhere.